PIC10A Lecture 4

Reading

p44-61

Boolean expression

boole In 1854 he published An investigation into the Laws of Thought, on Which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic andProbabilities Boole approached logic in a new way reducing it to a simple algebra, incorporating logic into mathematics. He pointed out the analogy between algebraic symbols and those that represent logical forms. It began the algebra of logic called Boolean Algebra which now finds application in computer construction, switching circuits etc.
Examples
bool a = true;
bool b = 5; // number not equal to 0 means true
bool c = 0; // false
C++ notation
 English
 Sample
==
 equal to
 x+7==2*y
!=
 not equal to
 ans != 'n'
<
 less than
 count < 1000
<=
 less than or equal to
 time <= limit
>
 greater than
 time > limit
>=
 greater or equal than
 age >= 21

Logical operators

C++ notation
 English
 Sample
&&
 and
(income > 20000) && (income < 30000)
||
 or
 (grade=='A') || (grade=='B')
!
 not
 !(age < 21)
The parentheses in the && and ||examples are not necessary

Question:
1) Which integers give an output 1?
int a = ????;
cout << (a > 1 && a < 10 && a%2==1);
2)
If a = 3, what is !(a > 5 || a <7)?

if-else statements

Syntax
 Meaning
 Example
if(condition)
  one line statement;		 if condition is true, execute the statement.
 char gender;
cin << gender;
if(gender=='M' || gender=='m')
    cout << "You are a male.\n";
if(condition) {
    statement1;
    statement2;
    .........
}		 if condition is true, execute the statements. if(myScore > yourScore) {
     cout << "I win!\n";     
     myGameWin++;     
}

Remark about the braces { }
/*
Enter your score (within 0 to 100).
The program will find out your grade.
A: 90-100
B: 80-90
C: 65-80
D: 50-65
*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    double score;
    cout << "Please enter your score: ";
    cin >> score;

    if(score>100 || score<0) { // score is within 0 to 100
        cout << "Invalid score.\n";
        cout << "Please check the score and run the program again.\n";
    }
    if(score>=90 && score<=100)
        cout << "Your grade is A.\n";
    if (score>= 80 && score<90)
        cout << "Your grade is B.\n";
    if (score >= 65 && score < 80)
        cout << "Your grade is C.\n";
    if(score>=50 && score<65)
        cout << "Your grade is D.\n";
    if(score>=0 && score<50)
        cout << "You fail!\n";
    return 0;
}


Syntax
 Meaning
 Example
if(condition)
    yes_statement;
else
    no_statement;
 If condition is true, execute yes_statement.
If condition is false, execute no_statement.
 char gender;
cin << gender;
if(gender=='M' || gender=='m')
    cout << "You are a male.\n";
else
    cout << "You are a female.\n";
if(condition) {
   yes_statement1;
   yes_statement2;
   ......
}  else {
    no_statement1;
    no_statement2;
   ....
}
 If condition is true, execute yes_statements.
If condition is false, execute no_statemenst.		 if(myScore > yourScore) {
     cout << "I win!\n";     
     myGameWin++;     
} else {
     cout << "You win!\n";
     yourGameWin++;
}

Syntax
 Meaning
if(condition1) {
   statement1;
   ......
}  else if(condtion2){
    statement2;
   .....
}  ........
............
else {
   statement_for_other;
}



 If condition1 is true, execute statement1.
If condition2 is true, execute statement2.
..........
if none of the above conditions is true, execute statment_for_other

Examples
/*
Enter your score (within 0 to 100).
The program will find out your grade.
A: 90-100
B: 80-90
C: 65-80
D: 50-65
*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    double score;
    cout << "Please enter your score: ";
    cin >> score;

    if(score> 100 || score < 0) { // score is within 0 to 100
        cout << "Invalid score.\n";
        cout << "Please check the score and run the program again.\n";
    } else if (score >= 90) {
        cout << "Your grade is A.\n";
    } else if (score >= 80) {
        cout << "Your grade is B.\n";
    } else if (score >= 65) {
        cout << "Your grade is C.\n";
    } else if(score >= 50) {
        cout << "Your grade is D.\n";
    } else {
        cout << "You fail!\n";
    }
    return 0;
}